8/14/2023 0 Comments 1password vs lastpass vs bitwarden![]() Windows (64-bit version of Windows 10 or up).Since using anything more than a single, all-in-one password manager wouldn’t be as convenient, it’s vital to check the availability of its app across all popular platforms before making a long-term decision.ġPassword’s latest desktop app is currently compatible with the following operating systems: Everything else would act as a serious stumbling block when competing with similar solutions. One of the must-have features of a solid password manager is the ability to work on all popular platforms including operating systems and web browsers. Platforms availability: Which supports more platforms? While this looks less impressive in comparison with 1Password‘s squeaky-clean track record of 16 years, it’s still praiseworthy. When it comes to security incidents, there were none during these three years NordPass has been with us. Like all other Nord Security solutions, it’s smartly situated in Panama, which means that the lack of privacy won’t be an issue in this case. Nevertheless, let’s get back to NordPass. It’s not only one of the most well-known virtual private networks (VPNs) in the industry and also a first-rate product that comes at a reasonable price. If you care about your privacy you’ve probably heard about its flagship product NordVPN. It was launched in 2019 by the longtime leader in cybersecurity named Nord Security. Unlike 1Password, NordPass is still practically a newcomer in the password manager industry, but a pretty popular newcomer indeed. Background check: Company information and history of security incidents Now it’s time to buckle down and begin with a brief background check of NordPass and 1Password, side by side. That’s why we’re going to focus on features that make them different and thus could make a difference for you.īefore we dive into details, here are the key specs from each password manager:Īs for our testing criteria, here are the main areas we’re going to cover in this comparison guide: They have a bit different customer base in mind and they do business differently. ![]() While somewhat similar, they’re not the same, not by a long shot. However, despite their age gap, both offer secure and user-friendly solutions for storing passwords and other sensitive information.Īlso, both providers utilize end-to-end encryption, zero-knowledge architecture, and two-factor authentication (2FA) to make sure you’re on the safe side of the internet. NordPass is still practically a new kid on the password-managing block, while 1Password has been around since 2006. However, since only one of the two can take the prize, which one will it be? ![]() So, even if you’ve never used anything remotely similar to a password manager before, you’ll master either of them in almost no time. If yes, this 1Password vs NordPass guide is just the thing you were looking for.īoth contenders are superbly secure, with full sets of features, and simplicity as the guiding principle of their design. ![]() Perhaps you already have a couple of contenders for the role of your password manager and possibly these two are NordPass and 1Password. Thinking about ditching your poor password habits and utilizing one of the best password managers on the market, but aren’t sure where to start? ![]()
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8/14/2023 0 Comments Terry de castro a view to a kill![]() ![]() DC later declared this to exist in the same universe as a Superman '78 miniseries based on the Christopher Reeve movies, with the Earth being Earth-789, and it's implied this is where the Reeve and Keaton movies themselves are set, at least as far as DC Comics itself is concerned. The comic miniseries Batman '89 is set some years after Batman Returns, in the 1990s, and introduces Robin and Two-Face.Keaton's Batman himself has at least three mutually exclusive future variants branching off from the Burton movies in different media, which means one can take this as at least four overall versions of the character (that is, movies only vs.Also Burton's Batman exists on Earth-89 while Schumacher's Batman exists on Earth-97. Several across The Multiverse of the Arrowverse, including Earth-Prime, Earth-1, Earth-9, Earth-66, Earth-99, Earth-167, Earth-203.Most recently, Keaton's Batman reappears in the DC Extended Universe thanks to the Flash's time travel shenanigans affecting different realities. Michael Keaton left the role of Batman and was replaced by Val Kilmer, and he in turn by George Clooney.Īfter decades of simply being treated as a retool of Burton's continuity with recasts, Schumacher's Batman has since been treated as an Alternate Continuity to Burton's in various media focusing on the latter instead. ![]() After Burton's sequel Batman Returns, the visual and tonal continuity of the next two sequels, Batman Forever and Batman & Robin, split off thanks to Executive Meddling, with these movies being helmed by Joel Schumacher. Tim Burton debuted this version of Batman in his eponymous movie, Batman. He dedicated his life to crimefighting after both of his parents were killed when he was a child. An admired philanthropist by day, he fights crime with a black bat-themed suit by night. The record features New Zealand guitarist Geoff Maddock (Goldenhorse), Shetland-born recording artist Astrid Williamson (Goya Dress) and Seattle-based producer / multi-instrumentalist, Paul Hiraga (Downpilot).The guardian of Gotham City and its richest citizen. This new project features all original material by de Castro and British songwriter Dean Frances-Hawksley and offers up a diverse set of beautifully crafted Americana / pop.īacked up by eclectic guitar sounds, distorted violins, abstracted feedback, intricate banjo parts and evocative backing vocals, she wrangles her far-flung friends and former music colleagues. NME Journalist Nathaniel Cramp called de Castro’s 2009 debut LP, A Casa Verde, ‘a delight’ and gave it eight out of ten stars. Terry has been living in Los Angeles for the last 15 years, but her affiliation with David continues as he released her mini LP You Can't Separate Light - her second solo recording on Scopitones (August 2015). When she moved from the UK back to her native US, she continued to commute back and forth until 2010, when she played her final concert with The Wedding Present at the first annual At The Edge of the Sea Festival in Brighton. It was supposed to be for one concert and a Peel Session, but it turned into twelve years of touring and four albums with both Cinerama and The Wedding Present. Terry de Castro's long-time collaboration with David Gedge started in 1998 when she joined Cinerama shortly after its inception. ![]() 8/14/2023 0 Comments Pdftk merge pdf![]() ![]() The 'owner' password does not stop users from reading the document, but it does restrict the actions that users can perform on that document - printing, copying, decrypting etc. ![]() Password Protection: The new document can be password protected (encrypted) by providing 'owner' and 'user' passwords.Rotate - 'Rotate' enables you to rotate a range of pages in a document.'Stamp' is very similar to 'background' except that the 'stamp' is placed on top of the source document. The 'background' (eg a company logo, or a 'draft' watermark) must be another PDF document (the first page of that document if it has more than one page). Background or Stamp - 'Background' enables you to add a background to each page in a document or just the first page.Split - allows you to separate each page of a PDF document into its own file.Collate - allows you to rearrange (reorder, delete, & duplicate) pages in a single document and/or merge pages from multiple PDF documents.PDFTK Builder is a pdf manipulation utility for Windows with a great array of features including: Update automatically or install from the portable app store in the Platform. And it's open source and completely free. It's packaged in Format so it can easily integrate with the Platform. PDFTK Builder Portable is the lightweight PDFTK Builder packaged as a portable app, so you can modify, split and watermark your pdfs wherever you go. PDFTK Builder Portable 3.10.0 has been released. ![]() ![]() It grossed $13 million in the United States and Canada and $25 million internationally for a worldwide total of $38 million. In its second week it experienced a 60% drop. It was the first time I'd been asked to get naked and it turned out to be completely extraneous and gratuitous." Release Box office īody of Evidence performed poorly at the box office. Julianne Moore said her nude scene in this movie was "just awful": "I was too young to know better. The cemetery scene featured in the beginning of the film was shot on location at Lone Fir Cemetery. Paley is arrested for murdering her.īefore leaving the scene with his wife to repair their relationship, Dulaney then tells Garret he should've won the case with Garrett replying: "I did".īody of Evidence was filmed in Portland, Oregon, with the Pittock Mansion serving as a primary location. Paley realizes she does not care about him and becomes enraged when she tells him she has already forgotten him.Īfter a struggle with Dulaney who tries to save Carlson, Paley shoots her twice. Carlson is unconcerned about his discovery, but Paley is upset to find out that she was sleeping with Dulaney as well. He confronts the co-conspirators, realizing that it was Paley who supplied the fatal dose of cocaine. Before leaving court, she mockingly thanks Dulaney indicating that she may be guilty after all.ĭulaney visits Carlson's home and overhears an incriminating conversation between her and Marsh's doctor, Alan Paley. Carlson suggests to Dulaney that the secretary tried to frame her, but he is now less sure of her innocence in the crime.Ĭarlson takes the stand and her surprising testimony that Roston had an affair with another man convinces the jury, which acquits her. However, there is evidence that she bought the murder weapon. She says that she was hurt but she loved him and would never hurt him. He also had previously left Braslow more money in his will before beginning his relationship with Carlson. Initially she resists before appearing to enjoy the assault.įootage from Marsh’s home video reveals that he had an affair with his secretary, Joanne Braslow, who is a key witness against Carlson. Carlson pulls out handcuffs, Dulaney forcibly cuffs her hands instead and sexually assaults her. When Dulaney accidentally knocks her to the ground, Carlson begins to masturbate on the floor in front of him. Dulaney goes to Carlson's home and accuses her of telling his wife about them (although Sharon says she worked it out from her tone alone). Sharon confronts him about the affair having figured it out from a phone call with Carlson as well as the strange marks on his body from the hot wax. As the trial begins, Carlson and Dulaney enter a sadomasochistic sexual relationship behind the back of Dulaney's unsuspecting wife, Sharon.ĭuring their first sexual encounter, Carlson secures Dulaney’s arms behind his back using his own belt and alternatively pours hot wax and champagne on him before having sex.Īfter an ex-lover of Carlson’s, Jeffrey Roston, testifies that he both changed his will to favour her and that she engaged in similar risky sexual behaviour with him, Dulaney attempts to end their affair. ![]() ![]() ![]() Initially believing her, Dulaney agrees to represent her.ĭistrict Attorney Robert Garrett seeks to prove that Carlson deliberately killed Marsh in bed to receive the $8 million he left her in his will. The main suspect is his lover Rebecca Carlson who proclaims her innocence to lawyer Frank Dulaney. The elderly and wealthy Andrew Marsh dies from complications stemming from an erotic incident involving bondage and homemade pornography. In Japan, Madonna's other 1993 film Dangerous Game was released there as Body II even though the films have nothing in common nor are related to each other in narrative. In France and Japan, the film was released under the name Body. Widely considered to be a vanity project for Madonna, it marked her fourth film performance to be universally panned by critics, following Shanghai Surprise, Who's That Girl, and Bloodhounds of Broadway. Body of Evidence is a 1993 erotic thriller film directed by Uli Edel, written by Brad Mirman, and starring Madonna and Willem Dafoe, with Joe Mantegna, Anne Archer, Julianne Moore, and Jürgen Prochnow in supporting roles. ![]() ![]() ![]() Once everything is installed and scanned, SWGEmu Launchpad will run Game settings.įirst thing you have to do is select a desired game screen resolution. Step 5 - SWGEmu game client installed, time for settings If for some reason you need to reinstall Launchpad or fix your SWGEmu game client, go to Settings and instead of Install from SWG, chose OptionsĪnd then locate your SWGEmu Game Client folder. When SWGEmu game client install process is done, SWGEmu Launcher will scan the client for missing or corrupt files. Example C:\Program Files x86\SWGEmu\SWGEmu Game Client). Then SWGEmu launchpad will create a new SWGEmu folder and then copy the necessary files form the original SWG game client and download missing ones (best to put that in a folder separate from Launchpad and/or Original SWG. If this is a "fresh" install and you don't have an existing SWGEmu folder, chose Install from SWG optionĪfter that is complete you will then be asked to select where you want your new SWGEmu game client installed. NOTE: If this doesn't happen and Launchpad just starts and nothing else you will have to go to Settings ![]() The first time the SWGEmu launchpad starts it will ask you to direct to your original SWG game client location (default location is in Program Files for x86 systems or in Program Files (x86) for 圆4 systems). Step 4 - SWGEmu Launchpad installing your SWGEmu game client When the install process is near the end, it will give you the option to run the SWGEmu Launchpad or you can uncheck that option, close the installer and run SWGEmu Launchpad using the shortcut that was placed on your desktop. Remember, you should do this step only if you get that error. You can download The latest supported Visual C download here. Try reinstalling the program to fix this problem."Įrror i means that you don't have Visual C 2010 installed and you need to install it before you can proceed with SWGEmu launchpad install. "This program can't start because MSVCP 100.dll is missing from your computer. Most new operating systems already have it instilled, but if you get a: PLEASE NOTE: SWGEmu Launchpad requires Visual C 2010 to be installed. Setup.exe is downloaded and now it is time to install SWGEmu Launchpad. NOTE: this is a native ubuntu 12.04 x86_64 compiled binary, don't run it under wine. You need the qt 5.1.1 libs for gcc, download them from: You can download our SWGEmu launchpad installer here. Step 3 - Download and install SWGEmu Launchpad Since the original SWG game no longer exists, there is no need to start the SWG game client when the install process is finished. Look of the Setup wizard may vary, but installation process is still the same. Install the SWG game client onto your computer following the installation wizard instructions (default location is usually C:\Program Files\StarWarsGalaxies). Now that you have your ORIGINAL Star Wars Galaxies client you can begin your SWGEmu setup. There are quite a few versions that have been released over the years and any version of SWG will work. You can buy original CD's cheap on e-bay or. ![]() So if you don't own an original client, SOE's digital copy or original CD's, get yourself one. You can not use 14 day trial client or any other trial client, you can not use client obtained through torrent or warez sites. To setup SWGEmu, you will need an ORIGINAL Star Wars Galaxies (SWG) client, yes ORIGINAL Star Wars Galaxies (SWG) client. Step 1 - Acquiring Sony's Star Wars Galaxies Installation Media ![]() 8/14/2023 0 Comments Peakhour 4 per device![]() PeakHour should no longer lose track of the interface. Turning this option on will cause PeakHour to look up the interface by name, instead of by index. This can cause PeakHour to lose track of the interface periodically. On some devices however, this index can change - for example, when the device is rebooted. SNMP typically uses a number (or index) to identify interfaces on your devices. This results in jagged or 'sawtooth' graphs that have a low fidelity.Įnabling this option will tend to make graphs smoother, if the device supports it. Some SNMP devices (in particular, Mac OS X and Linux snmpd) have a default of 5 seconds. When this option is enabled, PeakHour will send an snmpset command to the device at startup telling it to set the counter refresh interval to 1 second. When PeakHour is restarted for any reason, it will check its targets for any usage that was missed during the period it wasn't running.ĭisabling this option turns off this usage estimation feature.įor more information on usage estimation, see the Usage Monitoring wiki. This will effect all aspects of PeakHour's monitoring including throughput, graphic, bandwidth, traffic totals and (if enabled) usage. Upload and download throughput will be scaled according to this value. If Automatic Scale Factor is turned off, use this slider to manually set a scale factor for this target. When enabled, traffic will be scaled at 1x, except for certain interfaces on Apple Airport devices that are known to report incorrect data. Useful for some devices that report traffic the wrong way around. Downloads become uploads and uploads become downloads. Note that interface names vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and device to device so you may need to do a little detective work if you're not sure (see below for our tip on using Speedtest).Swaps the inbound and outbound values around. Most of the time, you'll want to at least monitor the Internet interface. If you want to monitor more than one interface (say, both Internet and WiFi), add the device more than once, choosing a different interface each time. You should choose the interface that you'd like PeakHour to monitor. PeakHour is a beautiful, real-time network-traffic visualizer that lives in your menu bar. In addition, it might also have a WiFi interface for wireless devices to connect to. For example, your broadband router might have a WAN / Internet Port as well as a number of LAN (local) ports that you plug other devices into. SNMP allows you to choose which network interface to monitor. To add an SNMP device manually, click the Add SNMP Device. on the Search for Devices view, or if you select an existing SNMP target in Preferences and click Edit in Configuration Assistant.įor more information on SNMPv3 security, see this page: The Scan for SNMP devices checkbox won't be available if your local network is larger than /24 / 255.255.255.0 / class C. ![]() If devices on your network do not respond to SNMP with those options, you will need to use the Add SNMP Device. The options are: SNMPv1/2c and an SNMP community of 'public'. The Scan for SNMP devices option performs a basic SNMP scan.PeakHour can scan your network for SNMP-enabled devices that can be monitored. ![]() If you're unsure of the IP address or hostname. If you have devices that do not use the default SNMP community, are running an SNMP version other than SNMPv1 or are located on another network, you should manually add the device instead. The first option is the simplest, but will only find devices running SNMPv1 with a default community of 'public'. There are two ways of adding an SNMP-enabled router, PC or device to PeakHour so that it can be monitored: ![]() 8/14/2023 0 Comments Wedding flower bokeh images![]() This was often reflected in artwork, for example the use of bamboo in Chinese art to represent longevity and eternity. Nosegay įlower symbolism originated in Asia and the Middle East, where certain flowers, such as the lotus, were considered sacred, or at least to be associated with spiritual themes. In China, certain flowers symbolize seasons: white plum blossoms represent winter, peach and cherry blossoms represent spring, lotus represents summer, and chrysanthemums the fall. In Europe, flower arranging as a formal art was first documented among the Dutch, who "in particular, painted wonderful informal arrangements of flowers In the 18th century, arrangements were used to decorate the houses of the wealthy families and the aristocracy." įlower symbolism is common in many cultures, and can be complex. Flowers were a traditional ritual offering among Buddhists, however, and remain so. In ancient China, flower-arranging developed into a highly refined art form, based on the principle that life is sacred, including the life of plants, therefore cut flowers were used sparingly in carefully planned arrangements. įlower-arranging as an art form was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks, who learned it while in China. Simplicity and linear form are core features of ikebana, which has had a great influence on Western flower arranging since the late 19th century. The oldest known book on flower-arranging is Japanese and dates from 1445. In some cultures, ancient practises still survive today, for example in ikebana, the art of flower-arranging that comes from Japan. ![]() The sacred lotus was often used, as were herbs, palms, irises, anemones, and narcissus. ![]() The oldest evidence of formal arranging of bouquets in vases comes from ancient Egypt, and depictions of flower arrangements date to the Old Kingdom (~2500 BCE). The arrangement of flowers for home or building decor has a long history throughout the world. ![]() 8/14/2023 0 Comments Divine divinity catacombs![]() ![]() Additionally if one chose to travel down to the pyramid, they can elect to walk back out. Collect the pyramid and either use it to teleport back out to the location of the first pyramid, or if this not an option, use the portal stone outside of the room to the west to teleport to Mardaneus' Cellar. Regardless of the route to the stone one takes, they will encounter several skeletons and skeletal archers in the room. Alternatively one can travel down to the floor where the pyramid is located. At this stage one can either drop the pyramid or select it again to transport directly to the second pyramid. Upon Lanilor giving Lucian the first teleporter pyramid, one will be able to teleport directly to the second teleporter pyramid, located in the Aleroth catacombs.Īttempting to do so with the pyramid in the inventory will prompt the Hero to state that "They should drop it if they wish to return here". The cave next to the camp leads down into the catacombs below Aleroth. As with the conjurer (#3), if you can't kill the "bosses" on this level, you might want to kill orcs for a while and try to improve your level and equipment.Teleporter pyramid Find the Second Teleporter Pyramid is a quest in Divine Divinity. This orc camp has an orc chief and an orc drummer in it, so be careful. Try to kill the regular skeletons around him, and then concentrate on him. Whether youre polite or rude, youll earn 17,500 experience points and one reputation point. Most notable of the potent magics and inscrutable artifacts is the Cryptoglyph and the powerful Deathsinger. Utilizing the webwork of tunnels and defenses, the Hive utilize these dark, abyssal grounds as chambers to perfect their magic and study the nearby Pyramid. Kill Zombie Jake, then talk to Elora, who will apologize for not having a reward for you. The Catacombs is a Hive -infested area hidden away deep within the Moon 's crust. ![]() Youll have to fight through more corpses to reach Jake. It has an identify level of 4, but you don't need to identify it before giving it back to Smiruk (catacomb level 1, #8). Click on one of the pits in the middle of the graveyard to enter the Catacombs. In the third room you can find the Slasher axe. You'll have to face a lot of skeletons in the dungeon, including a skeletal guardian, so be prepared. In the southern most area of the map, there is a statue of a woman and if you light the candle there, it activates her old protector that failed her, and he then helps you. I noticed it because of the way the game handles in game cutscenes. ![]() The floor tile leads to a small, three-room dungeon. In the very first level of the catacombs under town, I found a secret area I cannot find my way to. If you can't kill him, you might want to wander around the forests surrounding Aleroth and kill orcs for a while. He'll follow, and then you can attack him by himself, quaffing potions as necessary. Larian Studios Forums Divine Divinity (English) Help/Tips/Tricks magic orb altar south of dwarven. Your best bet is to kill the regular skeletons around him and then run away. Three are required to open way towards Aleroth Catacombs. He's probably going to be tough to kill the first time you see him. You can find Slasher under the floor tile at #4. Im stabbing them to death with a Divine Estoc +5 but they get back up. What am I doing wrong Im not talking about bonfire resurrection - Im talking about getting back up and walking like Dry Bones in Super Mario World. You can pick up a few magic axes on this level, but none of them is the Slasher axe Smiruk wants. Skeletons in catacombs are reviving even after killed with a divine weapon. ![]() 8/14/2023 0 Comments Penny dell crossword answers![]() Chihuahua companion of Elle Woods in Legally Blonde.Role for Omar Epps in 1999’s The Mod Squad.Labrador retriever who survives the crash of Oceanic flight 815 on Lost.Neckwear named for a British racecourse.And I Am Telling You I’m _ Going (Dreamgirls song).German shepherd who helps the cavalry on a classic TV series (3 wds.).Pit bull who protects Veronica on Veronica Mars.Ostrichlike bird on the Australian coat of arms.Radio star Howard who was a judge on America’s Got Talent for four seasons. ![]() French bulldog of the Pritchett family on Modern Family.Great Dane who solves mysteries with his pals in the Mystery Machine (Hyph.).Arthur _ Stadium (world’s largest tennis venue).Hashtag posted with pictures of an unsuccessful attempt at a recipe e.g.You can always come back to this page and search through any of today’s clues to help you if you’re stuck on another clue though. Daily POP Crosswords Answers for June 14 2023Īll of the answers to today’s Daily POP Crosswords clues on Jcan be found below, you will need to click into each clue to find the relevant answer. That is however, nothing to be ashamed of, as most players seek help day to day and that’s where we come in with all of the answers to today’s Daily POP Crosswords on June 14 2023. What does relate from The Daily Pop Crosswords to many other crosswords and puzzles is albeit an extremely fun experience, most crosswords can become complicated and complex as the subjects forever change. What makes the app even better is that it’s completely free to download and play. When downloading the app, players can enjoy a broad range of puzzle topics, including what PuzzleNation deem the best pop-culture themed puzzles out there, to both the Dell Magazines and Penny Press created puzzles, there really is a large mix of options for all types of players. Mostly enjoyed by players through the Daily Pop Crosswords mobile app, available on the IOS App Store and Google Play Store, both versions of the app hold a strong and loyal player base. ![]() PuzzleNation pride themselves on providing the finest puzzle-solving experience with a focus on providing high quality puzzles to their players. The Daily Pop Crosswords includes several varying puzzles and crosswords from the talented PuzzleNation development agency. ![]() 8/14/2023 0 Comments Pinta disease![]() Shading indicates the countries where cases of endemic treponematoses have been reported within the last 30 years. ĭata are number of cases reported in a year, unless otherwise indicated. Countries with reported data on yaws, bejel, and pinta from 1980 to 2012 –. Figure 1 shows the countries where cases of yaws, bejel, and pinta have been reported in the last 30 years, though underreporting is likely to be common.įigure 1. Their current geographic extent remains uncertain, but there is growing evidence that the number of cases in some countries continues to increase. The upsurge in ETs observed in the period 1980–2012 (after they were almost eradicated by the mass penicillin treatment campaigns of the 1950s and 60s) is still poorly understood but is probably related to lack of follow-up care. Bejel is found in drier climates, but the bejel treponeme takes shelter in moist areas of the body, like the mouth, thus the infection spreads by direct contact (e.g., children kissing their siblings) or indirect contact through infected communal utensils. ![]() Lesions are promoted by high atmospheric humidity, increasing their oozing and infectiousness. Yaws and pinta are found in warm, moist climates, mainly in forested tropical regions, and are transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact. pallidum is readily killed by drying it can survive only briefly outside the body (one to two hours). Transmission of ETs appears to be defined by climate and opportunity because T. Įpidemiological and Geographical Differencesįor differentiation of treponematoses, a point that might give some assistance would be residence in an area where one of these treponematoses was preponderant or present to the exclusion of the others. We review the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of the disease, use of epidemiological data, and interpretation of serological tests results, and draw attention to advances in specific diagnostic tools and the use of molecular biology to increase the sensitivity and differentiate the existing strains of pathogenic treponemes. In this review, we focus on dilemmas in the diagnosis of endemic treponematoses in children and adults. One such aspect is the accurate differential diagnosis with certain skin and other lesions not caused by ETs. As progress is made in yaws eradication in many countries, it becomes increasingly important to acquire more information on a number of aspects of the disease in order to ensure the effective and economical conduct of eradication campaigns. The WHO has now embraced yaws and dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) as the only two diseases targeted for eradication on its official list of 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Furthermore, in resource-poor countries with high rates of syphilis and poor laboratory diagnostics, establishment of the diagnosis of yaws, bejel, and pinta can be even more difficult. Dilemmas exist in the diagnosis of patients with ETs because clinical findings do not always accurately identify patients with the disease, and serologic methods are unable to differentiate these disease entities from venereal syphilis and from each other. pertenue), bejel (or endemic syphilis) ( T. ![]() pallidum) and the so-called nonvenereal or endemic treponematoses (ETs) consisting of yaws ( T. These bacteria are the cause of both syphilis ( Treponema pallidum ssp. Treponematoses are infections caused by the spirochetal organisms of the Treponema species. We review the dilemmas in the diagnosis of endemic treponematoses, and advances in the discovery of new diagnostic tools. In the past ten years, there has been an increasing effort to apply polymerase chain reaction to treponematoses and whole genome fingerprinting techniques have identified genetic signatures that can differentiate the existing treponemal strains however, definitive diagnosis is also hampered by widespread unavailability of molecular diagnostics. Serological tests are still considered standard laboratory methods for the diagnosis of endemic treponematoses and new rapid point-of-care treponemal tests have become available which are extremely useful in low-resource settings. Traditionally, the human treponematoses have been differentiated based upon their clinical manifestations and epidemiologic characteristics because the etiologic agents are indistinguishable in the laboratory. Improved understanding of the differential diagnosis of endemic treponematoses is needed to inform clinical practice and to ensure the best outcome for a new global initiative for the eradication of yaws, bejel, and pinta. ![]() |
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